Japan’s population distribution is highly variable. The mountainous character of the country has caused the population to concentrate within the limited plains and lowlands—notably along the Pacific littoral. The increased population there, however, was absorbed into the expanding urban areas, while the population of rural districts declined considerably; this had the effect of further concentrating population in a limited area.
Japan experienced spectacular population growth after 1868; the population increased nearly fourfold since then. This increase was directly related to slow but steady urban growth; the development of Hokkaido, Tōhoku, and southern Kyushu; and the introduction of commercial agriculture. In 1897, when industrialization first began, the population numbered more than 42 million. From 1898 to 1918, growing industrial cities and mining towns absorbed a large population, as did Hokkaido and the sericultural (silkworm-raising) rural districts.
In 1920, when the first precise census was conducted, the population was nearly 57 million. Between 1919 and 1945 Tokyo-Yokohama (Keihin), Ōsaka-Kōbe-Kyōto (Keihanshin), Nagoya (Chūkyō), and northern Kyushu developed as the country’s four major industrial districts. At the same time, some of the smaller cities lost their ability to sustain a growing population, and some of them declined. By 1940 the population had grown to more than double that of 1868. During World War II there was a marked migration to the rural areas to avoid aerial bombing; some cities, such as Ōsaka, were reduced to one-third their previous size. After 1945 the repatriated population of nearly 9 million and the temporarily explosive increase in the birth rate caused abnormally high growth.
The rapid rehabilitation of industry after 1950 resulted in the continued concentration of population in the Pacific coastal areas. The expansion of the Keihin area was not confined to Tokyo, Yokohama, and their adjacent suburbs but extended to a much wider circle. The same was true of the Keihanshin and Chūkyō areas. Rural areas outside the direct influence of urbanization were subjected to a marked decline. Adult males migrated to the Pacific coast, and many of those who remained at home periodically left as temporary labourers, creating a constant outflow of population from the mountainous areas and isolated islands. In many places, emigration was so marked that the remaining population could not maintain a balanced community, and whole settlements were abandoned. These trends continued in the early 21st century, although rural-to-urban migration slowed somewhat, and people have been leaving city centres for outlying districts and suburbs.
The striking demographic feature in post-World War II Japan was the decline of birth and death rates, the result of families having fewer children and of health conditions improving markedly. Japan’s rate of population increase slowed dramatically at the end of the 20th century and became essentially stagnant in the first decade of the 21st century. By the end of that decade, Japan, with one of the world’s lowest birth rates, was experiencing a net population loss annually, despite the fact that its life expectancy was among the world’s highest. The country was thus faced with the dual issues of a declining and a rapidly aging population, circ*mstances that at times created severe labour shortages for its vast economy. During periods when labour was scarce, low-skilled job needs at least were met by a growing number of temporary foreign workers, though such arrangements were suspended during economic downturns.
Akira Watanabe Yasuo Masai Gil Latz The Editors of Encyclopaedia BritannicaEconomy
General considerations
Japan is remarkable for its extraordinarily rapid rate of economic growth in the 20th century, especially in the first several decades after World War II. This growth was based on unprecedented expansion of industrial production and the development of an enormous domestic market, as well as on an aggressive export trade policy. In terms of gross national product (GNP; or gross national income), a common indicator of a country’s wealth, Japan is the world’s second largest economic power, ranking behind only the United States. It has developed a highly diversified manufacturing and service economy and is one of the world’s largest producers of motor vehicles, steel, and high-technology manufactured goods (notably consumer electronics). The service sector has come to dominate the economy in terms of its overall proportion of the gross domestic product (GDP) and of employment.
The emphasis on trade stems from Japan’s lack of the natural resources needed to support its industrial economy, notably fossil fuels and most minerals. In addition, the limited amount of arable land in the country forces Japan to import much of its food needs. Generally, however, Japan’s strong domestic market has reduced the country’s dependence on trade in terms of the proportion trade contributes to the GDP when compared with that of many other countries.
Background
The Japanese economy lay utterly devastated at the end of World War II (1945). The immediate postwar period was one of hard struggle to achieve reconstruction and stability. Under the Allied occupation forces, land and labour reforms were carried out, and the plan for creating a self-sustaining economy was mapped out by American banker Joseph Dodge. The outbreak of the Korean War in 1950 created a huge demand for Japanese goods and set off an investment drive that laid the foundations for a long period of extraordinary economic activity. While investment in plants and equipment was spurred by an expanding domestic market, Japan also began pursuing strong export policies. Growing demand overseas for Japanese goods led to annual trade surpluses, which (with a brief interlude in 1979–80) became perennial by the late 1960s.
By the early 1970s Japan’s rapid rate of economic growth had begun to slacken, as the price of imported petroleum soared, labour costs increased, the value of the national currency, the yen, rose against foreign currencies, and overall global demand for Japanese goods weakened. In addition, distortions resulting from the earlier quick pace of growth had begun to show: Japan’s standard of living had not increased as rapidly as had the overall economy up to that point—in large part because of the high percentage of capital reinvestment in those years—but also Japan was under increasing pressure from its trading partners (notably the United States) to allow the yen to appreciate even more in value and to liberalize strong import restrictions that had been enacted to protect Japan’s domestic market.
By the mid-1980s Japan’s standard of living had increased to the point that it was comparable to that found in other developed countries. In addition, in 1985 Japan agreed with its trading partners to let the yen appreciate against the U.S. dollar, which led to a doubling of the yen’s value within two years. This action and other efforts at restraining exports encouraged Japanese companies to begin moving production bases overseas. At the same time, a speculative “bubble” arose in the prices of stock shares and real estate, and its bursting at the beginning of the 1990s sparked a severe economic downturn. The Nikkei 225 average (the main stock-price index of the Tokyo Stock Exchange), which had reached an all-time high in 1989, dropped to only half that much within a year, and housing prices in urban areas also plunged.
Economic growth was essentially stagnant throughout the 1990s—in what came to be known in Japan as the “lost decade”—even though a variety of economic policies were adopted and tried. The country experienced a serious recession at the end of the decade. Conditions improved after the turn of the 21st century, though growth rates were modest and were punctuated with periodic slumps. However, by 2000 Japan was facing the fact that an increasing number of postwar “baby boom” workers would be retiring, while, with the country’s population growth also stagnant, fewer young people would be entering the workforce. In addition, Japan, like the rest of the world, was hard hit by the global economic recession that began at the end of 2007 and took hold in earnest in 2008. Nonetheless, Japan continued to have one of the world’s highest per capita gross national products, and it experienced continued annual trade surpluses until the recession of 2008.
About Me
I am an expert and enthusiast. I have been trained on a diverse range of topics and have access to a vast amount of information. My responses are based on up-to-date data and information available as of the current operating time, which is 'Wednesday, December 27, 2023 07:19:32 UTC'. I can provide detailed and accurate information on a wide range of subjects, including Japan's population distribution and economic growth.
Japan's Population Distribution and Economic Growth
The population distribution in Japan has been significantly influenced by its geographical features, leading to a concentration of population in limited plains and lowlands, particularly along the Pacific littoral. The country experienced remarkable population growth after 1868, with a nearly fourfold increase in population. This growth was attributed to factors such as slow but steady urban growth, the development of specific regions like Hokkaido, Tōhoku, and southern Kyushu, and the introduction of commercial agriculture. Industrialization, particularly between 1898 and 1918, led to the absorption of a large population by growing industrial cities and mining towns, as well as rural districts involved in sericulture (silkworm-raising). The period between 1919 and 1945 saw the development of major industrial districts, such as Tokyo-Yokohama (Keihin), Ōsaka-Kōbe-Kyōto (Keihanshin), Nagoya (Chūkyō), and northern Kyushu, while some smaller cities experienced decline.
During World War II, there was a significant migration to rural areas to avoid aerial bombing, leading to a reduction in the size of some cities. After the war, the repatriated population and a temporary explosive increase in the birth rate caused abnormally high growth. The rapid rehabilitation of industry after 1950 resulted in the continued concentration of population in the Pacific coastal areas, leading to a decline in rural areas outside the direct influence of urbanization. In the early 21st century, rural-to-urban migration slowed somewhat, and people began leaving city centers for outlying districts and suburbs. The decline of birth and death rates, along with a rapidly aging population, led to a dramatic slowdown in population increase, eventually resulting in a net population loss annually by the end of the first decade of the 21st century.
In terms of economic growth, Japan experienced extraordinarily rapid economic growth in the 20th century, particularly in the first several decades after World War II. This growth was based on unprecedented expansion of industrial production, the development of a large domestic market, and an aggressive export trade policy. Japan is the world's second-largest economic power in terms of gross national product (GNP) or gross national income, ranking behind only the United States. The country has a highly diversified manufacturing and service economy and is one of the world's largest producers of motor vehicles, steel, and high-technology manufactured goods, particularly consumer electronics. The service sector dominates the economy in terms of its overall proportion of the gross domestic product (GDP) and employment.
Japan's emphasis on trade is due to its lack of natural resources to support its industrial economy, leading to a significant dependence on imports for fossil fuels and most minerals. Despite this, Japan's strong domestic market has reduced its dependence on trade compared to many other countries. The Japanese economy faced challenges and fluctuations, including the devastating aftermath of World War II, the impact of the Korean War, the oil crisis of the 1970s, and the economic downturn in the 1990s, known as the "lost decade." Despite these challenges, Japan continued to have one of the world's highest per capita gross national products and experienced continued annual trade surpluses until the global economic recession of 2008.
These are the key concepts related to Japan's population distribution and economic growth as outlined in the provided article. If you have any specific questions or need further details on any of these topics, feel free to ask!
